Advertising
History of advertising
Early Advertising
- Advertising has been around since humans started providing each other with goods and services. It has been agreed to have begun along in newspapers, in the seventeenth century.
- In England, line advertisements in newspapers were popular. The great fire of London in 1666 was a boost to this type of advertisement as people used newspapers to advertise.
Advertising and the Industrial Revolution
- When goods where handmade by local craft man in small quantities, there was no need for advertising. Buyer and seller where known to one another. Packaging and branding were unknown and unnecessary before the industrial revolution.
- Manufacturers needed to explain and recommend their products to customers whom they would never meet personally. Therefore they needed to brand their products, in order to
distinguish them from one another, and create mass recommendations to
support the mass production and consumption model. Newspapers provided the
ideal vehicle for this new phenomenon, advertisements.
Bubbles- The pears soap advertising Innovation
- An early advertising success story is that of Pears Soap. Thomas Barratt married into the famous soap making family and realised that they needed to be more aggressive about pushing their products if they were to survive. He bought the copyright to a painting by noted
Pre-Raphaelite artist, Sir John Everett Millais, originally
entitled 'Bubbles'.
The first advertising agencies
- It was not until the emergence of advertising agencies in the latter part of the nineteenth century that advertising became a fully fledged institution, with its own ways of working, and with its own creative values.
- A good early example of this is the advertising produced for Arrow Shirts by the copywriting team of Earnest Calkins and Ralph Holden, who hired Joseph Leyendecker to create an image for the campaign.
Advertising and the first world war
- Poster advertising was much more common in Europe than the US before 1914. When war broke out, all the various governments involved turned to posters as propaganda.
- One of the other consequences of World War I was the increased mechanisation of industry – and increased costs which had to be paid for somehow: hence the desire to create need in the consumer which begins to dominate advertising.
Advertising through the great Depression
- Advertising quickly took advantage of the new mass media, using cinema, and to a
much greater extent, radio, to transmit commercial messages to a widespread audience.
The first radio ad appeared in 1922, and,because direct selling was not permitted,
broadcast a 'direct indirect' message about the benefits of living in a particular development in
Jackson Heights, New York
- Advertising spending plummeted by around 60% after the Crash, and didn't return to 1920s levels until the early 1950s - although radio advertising spend did increase significantly in this period. Ad agencies were hard hit, often having to downsize considerably as the clients dried up.
Advertising and TV
- The UK and Europe, with government controlled broadcasting, were a decade or so behind America in allowing commercial TV stations to take to the air, and still have tighter controls on sponsorship and the amount of editorial control advertisers can have in a programme.
- Several different advertisers could buy time within one show, and therefore the content of the
show would move out of the control of a single advertiser - rather like a print magazine. This became known as the magazine concept, or participation advertising, as it allowed a whole variety of advertisers to access the audience of a single TV show.
Madison Avenue - how the Mad Men came to be
- By the 1950s, advertising was considered a profession in its own right, not just the remit of failed newspapermen or poets. It attracted both men and women who wanted the thrill of using their creativity to make some serious cash.
- To that end copy and pictures had to be clear, simple, and provide a direct connection
between customer and brand. He specialized, in the early days, in attention-grabbing campaigns that relied on a clever idea rather than a huge budget. One of his earliest, most successful was for Hathaway Shirts.